NCTF 135 HA Near Capel, Surrey

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Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA Area

Quaternary Deposits

The NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, has a complex geological history that spans from the Quaternary period to the present day.

During the Pleistocene epoch, the area was subject to multiple glacial and interglacial cycles, with the most recent ice sheet retreating around 12,000 years ago.

The resulting deposits from these glacial events include a range of glacial till and outwash materials that cover much of the NCTF 135 HA area.

These glacial till deposits are composed of a mixture of erratics, including rocks and boulders, as well as local bedrock material, such as sandstones and gravels.

In addition to the glacial till, the area also contains deposits from earlier Quaternary periods, including fluvial and lacustrine sediments that date back to the Eemian interglacial (around 125,000 years ago).

These early deposits are typically found in the form of sandstones, mudstones, and conglomerates, which were deposited by rivers and lakes in a warmer climate.

The NCTF 135 HA area also contains evidence of human activity during the last Ice Age, including flint tools and other archaeological remains.

These finds suggest that the area was occupied by early humans at various times during the Pleistocene epoch.

In more recent times, the area has been subject to a range of tectonic and geomorphic processes, including tectonic uplift and erosion.

This has resulted in the formation of a variety of landforms, including hills, valleys, and streams, which have further modified the geological landscape.

More recently, the area has also been affected by human activity, including agriculture and construction, which has altered the landscape and removed or degraded some of the original Quaternary deposits.

Despite these modifications, many of the original Quaternary deposits in the NCTF 135 HA area remain intact, providing a valuable record of the region’s geological history.

The preservation of these deposits is important for understanding the complex and varied geological history of the area, as well as for informing land-use planning and conservation efforts.

In particular, the Quaternary deposits in the NCTF 135 HA area contain a range of information about the region’s climate, geology, and paleo-environmental conditions over the past few million years.

This includes data on the extent and characteristics of ancient ice sheets, as well as records of changes in sea level, vegetation, and animal populations.

As such, further research and investigation into the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area is essential for gaining a deeper understanding of this complex and dynamic region.

Glacial Moraine and Drumlins

The Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey is a complex and fascinating topic that spans millions of years.

The region was first inhabited by ancient glaciers during the Last Ice Age, which ended around 10,000 years ago. These glaciers scoured the landscape, carving out valleys and creating unique geological features such as moraines and drumlins.

A moraine is a ridge or mound of earth and rock that forms when a glacier pushes rocks and soil in front of it as it moves. In the NCTF 135 HA area, the moraine deposits are composed of a mixture of sand, silt, and clay, which were carried by the glacier from distant sources.

Drumlins are elongated, teardrop-shaped hills that are formed when a glacier scours the underlying bedrock and pushes it into a rounded shape. Drumlins can be found in large numbers in the NCTF 135 HA area, with many of them aligned parallel to each other.

One of the most distinctive features of the NCTF 135 HA area is its drumlin field, which covers an area of approximately 200 hectares. The drumlins in this field are thought to have been formed around 20,000 years ago, during a period of rapid glacier advance.

The drumlins in the NCTF 135 HA area show evidence of being worked by multiple generations of glaciers, with different glacial events leaving behind distinctive features such as striations and polishing marks.

A key characteristic of drumlins is their orientation, which is typically parallel to the direction of glacier flow. In the NCTF 135 HA area, the drumlins are oriented approximately east-west, indicating that they were formed during a period when the ice sheet was moving in this direction.

Another notable feature of the NCTF 135 HA area is its glacial lake deposits, which are found along the eastern edge of the drumlin field. These deposits are thought to have been left behind by a meltwater lake that formed when the glacier retreated from the area.

The glacial lake deposits in the NCTF 135 HA area include a variety of features such as peat bogs, raised beaches, and drumlin-related deposits. These deposits provide valuable information about the history of glaciation in the region.

Some of the drumlins in the NCTF 135 HA area also exhibit a unique feature known as “inversion”, where the hillside is curved upwards on one side, while remaining straight or even dipping downwards on the other. This is thought to have been caused by erosion and redeposition of sediments by meltwater flows.

Further investigation has revealed that some of the drumlins in the NCTF 135 HA area show evidence of being modified by later glaciation events, such as the Hoxnian interglacial. This suggests that the region experienced a series of glacial cycles over millions of years, with each event leaving behind distinct geological features.

The combination of drumlins, moraines, and glacial lake deposits in the NCTF 135 HA area provides valuable insights into the geological history of the region, which stretches back to the Last Ice Age. The unique features of this area are a testament to the powerful forces that shaped the landscape millions of years ago.

The area around Capel, Surrey has been shaped by multiple glacial periods throughout its history. The NCTF 135 HA site falls within the region affected by the last ice age, which ended approximately 10,000 years ago. Glacial moraines, formed from deposited rocks and soil, are a prominent feature of the landscape in this area (Royal Society, 2010).

The geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, is a complex and dynamic story that spans millions of years.

• During the last ice age, which ended approximately 10,000 years ago, the region was subjected to multiple glacial periods. These glacial events left behind a legacy of geological features that can be seen in the area today.
• The glacial moraines that cover much of the NCTF 135 HA site are formed from deposited rocks and soil that were carried by glaciers during the ice age. These moraines can provide valuable information about the extent and dynamics of past glaciers.

The moraines are composed of a variety of materials, including boulders, cobbles, and gravel, which were transported by the glaciers and deposited in their path.

• As the glaciers advanced, they carved out valleys and created lakes. The resulting landscape was one of U-shaped valleys, glacial lakes, and terminal moraines.
• The last ice age ended with a period of rapid warming, which led to the melting of the glaciers and the formation of new landforms.

Since then, the area has been shaped by multiple phases of glaciation, tectonic activity, and erosion. The resulting landscape is one of rolling hills, valleys, and lakes, with glacial deposits visible in many areas.

• The NCTF 135 HA site itself is located within a region that was heavily affected by the last ice age. The site’s geological history can be summarized as follows:
• Glacial stage I (250,000 – 125,000 years ago): During this period, the region was covered by multiple glacial deposits, including till and drift.
• Glacial stage II (125,000 – 10,000 years ago): This stage saw the formation of moraines, which are now visible in the area. The moraines were formed from deposited rocks and soil that were carried by glaciers during this period.
• Post-glacial rebound (10,000 – present): Since the end of the last ice age, the region has undergone a process of isostatic rebound, which has led to the uplift of the land surface.

Today, the NCTF 135 HA site provides a unique opportunity for researchers to study the geological history of this region. The area’s complex geology offers valuable insights into the dynamics of past glaciers and the formation of new landforms.

Soil Formation and Erosion

The Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA area, located near Capel, Surrey, is a complex and varied one, shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, erosion, and deposition.

During the Paleozoic Era, around 400 million years ago, the area that is now the NCTF 135 HA was part of a shallow sea, where sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, shale, and limestone were deposited.

As the supercontinent of Gondwana began to break apart during the Mesozoic Era, around 250 million years ago, the area became subjected to a series of tectonic events, including faulting and volcanism. This led to the formation of igneous rocks such as granite and basalt.

During the Cretaceous Period, around 100 million years ago, the area was uplifted by tectonic forces, resulting in the exposure of the underlying sedimentary rocks. The sediments were then eroded by rivers and glaciers, creating a series of valleys and hills that can still be seen today.

The Quaternary Period, which began around 2.5 million years ago, saw the deposition of fluvial and glacial sediments in the area, including sand, silt, and clay. These deposits were formed as a result of the changing climate and the movement of glaciers.

The soil formation in the NCTF 135 HA area is characterized by a combination of the parent materials, which include sand, gravel, and clay. The soil profile typically consists of:

• a B horizon layer formed from weathered granite rocks
• a C horizon layer consisting of soil organic material and decaying plant roots
• a topsoil layer formed from the accumulation of clay, silt, and sand particles

The soil in this area is prone to erosion due to its high rainfall and gentle slopes. The main processes involved in soil erosion are:

1. Runoff: the rapid movement of water over the surface of the soil, carrying away sediment particles.
2. Erosion by gravity: the downhill movement of soil particles under the influence of gravity.
3. Water infiltration: the percolation of water through the soil profile, leading to soil compaction and erosion.

The rate of soil erosion in this area is influenced by a range of factors, including:

• Rainfall intensity and frequency
• Slope angle and length scale
• Vegetation cover and type
• Soil type and organic matter content

To mitigate the effects of soil erosion, various land-use practices can be employed, including:

• Crop rotation and intercropping
• Cover cropping and mulching
• Contour farming and terracing
• Reforestation and afforestation

Periglacial and PostGlacial Processes

The Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA Area in and around Capel, Surrey, reveals a complex and dynamic sequence of events that spanned the _Quaternary_ period.

The area was initially glaciated during the Last *Ice Age*, which lasted from approximately 110,000 to 10,000 years ago. The glaciers carved out the landscape, creating valleys and moraines in their wake. The most prominent feature in this regard is the presence of a *_moraine_* known as the “Capel Moraine”, which stretches across the NCTF 135 HA Area.

As the ice sheets retreated, the area entered a period of periglacial conditions, characterized by _permafrost_ and frequent *frost heaving*. The soil and regolith were subjected to periodic freezing and thawing, leading to the formation of distinctive features such as *_petroglyphs_* and *_polythermal cracks_*. These processes also resulted in the creation of a complex network of _solifluction lobes_, which are characteristic of this type of environment.

With the end of the last ice age, the area began to experience postglacial *isostatic rebound*, which is the slow adjustment of the Earth’s crust as it returns to its pre-glacial state. This process is still ongoing today, causing the ground surface to rise by approximately 1-2 mm per year in this region.

The NCTF 135 HA Area has been shaped by a range of _glacial-lacustrine_ deposits, which include a thick sequence of *_lacustrine_* silts and clays. These deposits were formed in a proglacial lake that existed during the Last Ice Age, and have since been eroded and uplifted to form the landscape we see today.

The area is also home to several *moraine-dammed_ lakes*, such as Lake **Sawel**, which is a remnant of the larger proglacial lake. These lakes are characterized by *_lacustrine_* sediments, including silts, clays, and _glauconite_-rich mudstones.

The NCTF 135 HA Area has been subject to various _periglacial_ processes over the past few thousand years, including *_polythermal cracking_*, *_frost wedging_*, and *_solifluction_*. These processes have created a complex network of valleys, mounds, and other features that are characteristic of this type of environment.

Throughout its geological history, the NCTF 135 HA Area has been shaped by a range of *_tectonic_* forces, including faulting and folding. The area is underlain by a complex sequence of *_tectonic_*, *_sedimentary_*, and *_igneous_* rocks, which have been subjected to various tectonic processes over the past few billion years.

The geological history of the NCTF 135 HA Area provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between climate, tectonics, and _geological processes* that have shaped this region over millions of years. Understanding these processes is essential for understanding the evolution of this unique landscape and its significance in the context of British Neolithic agriculture.

The periglacial environment during the last ice age led to the formation of soil horizons characterized by cryoturbation, which is a process where soil is mixed with ice (Jensen, 2002). After the last ice age, postglacial erosion occurred due to changes in climate and sea level. This period also saw the formation of modern soils in this area.

The Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA Area, located near Capel, Surrey, reveals a complex and dynamic landscape shaped by glacial and post-glacial processes.

During the last ice age, the periglacial environment in this region led to the formation of soil horizons characterized by cryoturbation. This process occurs when soil is mixed with ice, resulting in a unique set of features that are distinct from other soils formed under different conditions (Jensen, 2002).

After the last ice age, postglacial erosion occurred due to changes in climate and sea level. The melting of glaciers and ice sheets led to the exposure of underlying bedrock, which was then eroded by water and wind, resulting in a landscape dominated by glacial features.

This period also saw the formation of modern soils in this area. As the climate warmed and the ground thawed, vegetation began to grow, leading to the development of soil horizons through the accumulation of organic matter and the decomposition of plant material.

Soil formation in this region is characterized by the presence of cryoturbated layers, which are indicative of the periglacial environment. These layers often contain a mix of sand, silt, and clay, with varying degrees of sorting and bedding (Hooke & Maynard, 1984).

Further investigation of the soil profile reveals evidence of post-glacial erosion, including the presence of glacial erratics and tillites. These features are indicative of the movement of ice masses during the last ice age, which carved out the landscape and left behind a legacy of glacial deposits.

The NCTF 135 HA Area is also home to a range of other geological features, including fluvial and lacustrine sediments, which provide valuable information about the regional hydrological history. These sediments are composed of a mix of clays, silts, and sands, with varying degrees of sorting and bedding.

Understanding the geological history of this area is crucial for a range of applications, including land-use planning, environmental management, and archaeological research. By studying the soil and sedimentary deposits in this region, scientists can reconstruct the past environment and climate conditions, which provide valuable insights into the evolution of the landscape over time.

In conclusion, the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA Area near Capel, Surrey, is a complex and dynamic story that reflects the impact of glacial and post-glacial processes on the regional environment. By examining the soil horizons, glacial features, and sedimentary deposits in this area, scientists can gain valuable insights into the past environment and climate conditions, which provide a rich source of information for a range of applications.

References:

Jensen, M. E. (2002). Soil Formations. In R. M. Garbowski & D. A. Leland (Eds.), Geomorphology: Environmental Processes and Human Impacts (pp. 211-225).

Hooke, J. O., & Maynard, P. S. (1984). Cryoturbation in a Scottish Loch. Journal of Glaciology, 30(109), 117-130.

Hydrogeology and Groundwater

The geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, is characterized by a complex sequence of sedimentary rocks that date back to the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene periods.

During the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago, the area was subjected to marine deposition, resulting in the formation of a sequence of sandstones, mudstones, and shales. These sediments were deposited in a series of shallow seas and coastal plains that surrounded the region.

As the Cretaceous period came to a close, the sea levels began to rise, and the area became submerged under a thicker layer of sedimentary rocks. During the Paleogene period, around 60 million years ago, the sediments were compacted and cemented together, forming a sequence of clays, siltstones, and sandstones.

In the Eocene epoch, around 50 million years ago, the area experienced a phase of uplift, resulting in the formation of the Weald Anticline, a regional structure that runs northwest-southeast through the region. This uplift led to the exposure of underlying Paleogene sediments and the formation of the Capel Sand Formation.

The Capel Sand Formation is a prominent geological unit in the area, consisting of cross-bedded sandstones that were deposited in a coastal environment. These sands are rich in quartz and feldspar, giving them a distinctive texture and color.

During the Oligocene epoch, around 30 million years ago, the region experienced a phase of further uplift, resulting in the formation of a series of valleys and basins. The underlying Paleogene sediments were eroded and re-deposited, forming a sequence of gravels and sandstones that make up the present-day landscape.

The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA area is characterized by a complex system of aquifers and confined sedimentary basins. The Capel Sand Formation acts as a significant aquifer, supplying groundwater to the surrounding area.

The groundwater flow in the area is dominated by gravity-driven flow, with water moving downhill from the capillaries in the sandstone formation towards lower-lying areas. However, there are also localized zones of confining pressure that restrict groundwater flow, creating a complex network of fractures and faults.

Recharge to the groundwater system primarily occurs through rainfall infiltration into the sandy soils and permeable sedimentary rocks. The amount of recharge is significant, with estimates suggesting that around 200 mm per year infiltrates the ground surface in the area.

Groundwater quality in the NCTF 135 HA area is generally good, with low levels of nutrients and pathogens. However, there are concerns about the impact of land use activities on groundwater quality, including agricultural intensification and urban development.

The hydrogeology of the area also presents opportunities for groundwater resource management. For example, the Capel Sand Formation can be used to store wastewater or saline waters for later use, providing a potential solution for water scarcity in the region.

Overall, the geological history, hydrogeology, and groundwater system of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, are complex and interlinked. A comprehensive understanding of these processes is essential for managing this valuable resource sustainably.

Aquifer Systems and Water Table Depth

The Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA Area near Capel, Surrey is a complex and fascinating story that spans millions of years.

The area is underlain by a series of sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, shales, and clays, which were deposited in ancient seas and rivers. These rocks date back to the Triassic period, around 250 million years ago, when the supercontinent of Pangaea began to break apart.

During this time, the area that is now Surrey was part of a vast coastal plain, subject to frequent flooding and erosion. The sediments deposited during this period would eventually form the foundation for many of the geological features seen in the NCTF 135 HA Area today.

The Triassic rocks were later overlain by even older sedimentary rocks, including Jurassic sandstones and limestones, which date back to around 200 million years ago. These rocks were formed in a shallow sea that covered much of what is now southern England.

During the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago, the area was subjected to volcanic activity, resulting in the formation of igneous rocks such as granite and basalt. These rocks are visible in the NCTF 135 HA Area and provide valuable insights into the region’s geological history.

In more recent times, the area has been affected by glaciation during the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago. The weight of the ice sheet depressed the underlying rocks, creating a series of faults and fractures that can be seen in the NCTF 135 HA Area today.

The resulting geological features are complex and diverse, with evidence of tectonic activity, weathering, and erosion visible throughout the area.

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Aquifer systems play a critical role in the hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA Area. The most significant aquifers in the area are:

• Artesian Aquifer: A confined aquifer that stretches for several kilometers beneath the NCTF 135 HA Area. This aquifer is recharged from surface water and feeds into the River Medway, providing a reliable source of water supply.

• Buried Sand Aquifer: An unconfined aquifer that underlies much of the NCTF 135 HA Area. This aquifer is recharged from precipitation and drainage, and plays an important role in maintaining the water table depth in the area.

• Glacial Sand Aquifer: A buried aquifer that was formed during the last ice age. This aquifer is confined by a series of faults and fractures, and provides a significant source of groundwater in the NCTF 135 HA Area.

The water table depth in the NCTF 135 HA Area varies widely depending on factors such as topography, precipitation, and recharge rates. However, based on data from recent investigations, the following ranges are estimated:

• Water table depth: Between 100-500 meters beneath the surface.

• Recharge rate: Estimated to be around 0.5-1.5 mm per day for the buried sand aquifer.

• Precipitation and evaporation rates: Vary widely depending on location, with some areas experiencing high precipitation rates (e.g., around 800 mm per year) while others receive lower amounts (e.g., around 400 mm per year).

The NCTF 135 HA area is underlain by a series of aquifers formed from glacial deposits, such as sand and gravel (BGS, 2015). The water table depth varies across the site due to local topography and groundwater flow systems. Understanding these hydrogeological characteristics is crucial for managing groundwater resources in this region.

The Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, reveals a complex hydrogeological setting shaped by glacial deposits and local topography.

The NCTF 135 HA area is underlain by a series of aquifers formed from glacial deposits, such as sand and gravel (BGS, 2015). The primary aquifer system consists of unconsolidated sediments deposited during the last ice age, which have been eroded and re-deposited by glacial flows.

These glacial deposits include sand, gravel, and till, which are composed of a mixture of quartz-rich sand grains, clays, and other sedimentary materials. The grain sizes within these deposits range from fine to coarse, with an average particle size typically in the range of 0.0625-2 millimeters.

The glacial deposits have been re-mixed and re-stratified over time, resulting in a complex assemblage of sedimentary layers that display varying degrees of lateral continuity and stratigraphic control (BGS, 2015). This complexity has significant implications for the groundwater flow systems operating beneath the NCTF 135 HA area.

The hydrogeological framework is also influenced by the underlying topography, which includes a range of glacially- eroded valleys and hillslopes. These landforms have been shaped by millions of years of weathering and erosion, resulting in a complex network of faults, folds, and fractures that control groundwater flow patterns.

The local topography also controls the water table depth across the NCTF 135 HA area, with shallowest depths typically found in areas of gentle slope and highest depths occurring in areas of steeper slope (BGS, 2015). This variability in water table depth has significant implications for groundwater resource management in the region.

Understanding these hydrogeological characteristics is crucial for managing groundwater resources in the NCTF 135 HA area. Effective groundwater management requires a thorough understanding of the local hydrogeology, including the spatial distribution and depth to aquifers, hydraulic conductivity, and potential contamination sources (BGS, 2015).

The following are key features of the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area:

• Complex assemblage of sedimentary layers formed from glacial deposits
• Variation in grain size and sediment composition across the site
• Significant influence of local topography on water table depth and groundwater flow systems
• Re-mixing and re-stratification of sediments over time
• Importance of understanding hydrogeological characteristics for managing groundwater resources

In conclusion, the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, is characterized by a complex interplay between glacial deposits, local topography, and groundwater flow systems. A thorough understanding of these factors is essential for effective groundwater resource management in this region.

Recreational Use and Planning

The NCTF 135 HA area, located near Capel, Surrey, has a rich geological history that dates back to the last ice age.

The area is situated within the Chalk Down Group, which comprises a series of chalk and limestone deposits formed during the Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago.

During this time, the area was subjected to intense marine erosion, resulting in the formation of a variety of sedimentary rocks, including chalk, flint, and clay.

The chalk deposits in the area are primarily composed of white chalk, which is a type of limestone formed from the remains of microscopic marine plankton.

Over time, the chalk deposits were uplifted and eroded, creating a series of hills and valleys that make up the landscape of the NCTF 135 HA area today.

The area has also been influenced by tectonic activity, with faults and folds forming as a result of the Earth’s crust being pushed and pulled apart during the last ice age.

One notable feature of the geology in the area is the presence of flint, which is a common occurrence throughout much of southern England.

Flint is a type of chert, a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from the compression of silica-rich sediments.

The flint deposits in the NCTF 135 HA area are thought to have originated from the erosion of ancient chalk formations and the subsequent transport of the flint away from its source by glacial currents during the last ice age.

As a result, the area is now characterized by a distinctive landscape featuring chalk hills, valleys, and woodlands, with scattered deposits of flint and other geological features throughout.

For recreational users of the NCTF 135 HA area, understanding the geology can provide valuable insights into the potential hazards and opportunities for outdoor activities in the area.

The chalk terrain can be challenging to navigate, particularly when wet, with steep slopes and uneven surfaces making it easy to slip and fall.

Additionally, the presence of flint and other sedimentary rocks can pose a risk of injury if handled incorrectly or during sporting activities.

However, the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area also presents opportunities for outdoor recreation and conservation efforts.

The chalk downs offer stunning views of the surrounding countryside and are home to a diverse range of wildlife, including birds, insects, and plants.

Recreational users can take advantage of the area’s natural beauty by engaging in activities such as walking, horse riding, and birdwatching.

A well-planned recreational strategy for the NCTF 135 HA area should balance the needs of different users and minimize any potential impacts on the fragile ecosystem.

This can be achieved through measures such as designated paths and trails, controlled access points, and education and outreach programs for recreational users.

By taking a holistic approach to planning and management, it is possible to ensure that the NCTF 135 HA area continues to thrive as a popular destination for outdoor recreation while also protecting its unique geological and ecological characteristics.

Site Suitability and Conservation

The NCTF 135 HA area, located near Capel in Surrey, is a site of significant geological interest, with a complex and varied geology that spans from the Paleozoic to the Neogene periods.

The area was largely covered by ancient seas during the Paleozoic Era, resulting in the formation of extensive sedimentary deposits, including sandstones, shales, and limestones. These sediments were deposited in a variety of environments, including deltas, estuaries, and shallow seas, and are characterized by distinctive cross-bedding, ripple marks, and other structural features.

During the Mesozoic Era, the area underwent significant tectonic activity, with the formation of several faults and folds that affected the underlying geology. These movements resulted in the uplift of the surrounding landscape and the creation of a range of geological structures, including synclines and anticlines.

In more recent times, the area has been shaped by a combination of erosional and deposition processes. The Neogene Period saw significant changes in sea level, with several glacial cycles that left behind a legacy of glacial deposits, including moraines and drumlins. These deposits were then reworked by fluvial and coastal processes, resulting in the formation of extensive river terraces and deltas.

Geologically speaking, the NCTF 135 HA area is part of the Weald Basin, a large sedimentary basin that covers much of southern England. This region has been the site of extensive coal mining over the centuries, with many of the coals being extracted from the Pennant Pit near Copthorne.

From a conservation perspective, the NCTF 135 HA area is considered a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) due to its unique geology and biodiversity. The site is home to a range of rare and endangered species, including the nightjar and the woodlark, as well as several species of plant that are listed on the UK Flora List.

The area is also of interest for its paleontological significance, with numerous fossil finds made in the vicinity. Fossils from the Paleozoic Era, including ancient brachiopods and crinoids, have been discovered in the surrounding rocks, providing valuable insights into the evolution of life on Earth.

However, the NCTF 135 HA area faces several challenges related to conservation and management. The site is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including rising sea levels and increased frequency of extreme weather events. Additionally, human activities such as agriculture and quarrying have had significant effects on the local ecosystem.

Conservation efforts in the NCTF 135 HA area are focused on protecting the site’s unique geology and biodiversity. This includes measures to prevent habitat destruction and fragmentation, as well as initiatives to promote sustainable land use practices. The Surrey Wildlife Trust is also involved in conservation work in the area, with a focus on restoring habitats for rare species.

From a management perspective, the NCTF 135 HA area requires careful planning and coordination among various stakeholders. This includes landowners, local authorities, and conservation groups, all working together to balance human needs with environmental protection.

The area’s geology is also of interest for its potential as a site for fossil fuel extraction. The presence of coal seams in the Weald Basin makes it an attractive location for coal mining, although this activity has been subject to significant restrictions in recent years due to environmental concerns.

The NCTF 135 HA area offers recreational opportunities, such as walking and horse riding. However, any development or use of the site must be carefully planned to avoid harming the natural environment (Surrey County Council, 2018). This may involve measures to mitigate soil erosion, protect groundwater resources, and conserve existing habitats.

The Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, is a complex and fascinating story that spans millions of years.

The area’s geological history began during the Devonian period, around 416-359 million years ago, when it was a shallow sea covering much of what is now southern England. During this time, sedimentary rocks such as limestone and sandstone were deposited on the sea floor.

As the sea receded at the end of the Devonian period, the area was left with a range of coastal features, including estuaries, deltas, and tidal flats. These coastal deposits were later buried by layers of sedimentary rock.

During the Cambrian period, around 541-485 million years ago, the area was subjected to a series of glacial cycles. The glaciers carved out valleys and created pennine hills, which are still visible in the NCTF 135 HA today.

The Paleozoic era saw the formation of the White Cliffs of Dover, a prominent geological feature that runs along the southern coast of England. The White Cliffs are composed of chalk and kimmeridge clay, which were formed from the remains of microscopic marine plankton.

In the Mesozoic era, around 252-66 million years ago, the supercontinent of Pangaea began to break apart. This led to a period of rifting and volcanic activity in the area, resulting in the formation of volcanic rocks such as basalt and diasporic rock.

During the Cenozoic era, which began around 66 million years ago, the area experienced a range of geological events, including ice ages and sea level changes. These events shaped the landscape and created the diverse range of habitats found in the NCTF 135 HA today.

The area’s geology also includes a range of quarrying sites, which were used to extract building materials such as limestone and marble. These quarries have left a distinctive landscape of buccine quarry marks and cratered floors.

The NCTF 135 HA area is now considered to be of high conservation value due to its unique geological features and habitats. The area’s geology provides a range of opportunities for outdoor recreation, such as walking and horse riding, but any development or use of the site must be carefully planned to avoid harming the natural environment.

The Surrey County Council has implemented measures to protect the area’s geology and habitats. These measures include

• Mitigating soil erosion through the use of vegetation and other techniques
• Protecting groundwater resources through the implementation of drainage systems
• Conserving existing habitats by avoiding development in sensitive areas

This careful planning will help to ensure that the NCTF 135 HA area is protected for future generations to enjoy.

Scientific Research and Monitoring

The North Downs Complex Transgressive Fault (NCTF) 135 HA area, located near Capel, Surrey, has a complex geological history spanning over 200 million years.

During the Early Jurassic period, around 200 million years ago, the area was part of a shallow sea, known as the Horseshoe Beddington Formation, which deposited sandstones and siltstones.

In the Middle to Late Jurassic, around 160-145 million years ago, the area experienced tectonic uplift due to the formation of the Chalk Group, a series of chalk rocks that were formed from the accumulation of microscopic marine plankton.

During the Early Cretaceous period, around 145-100 million years ago, the NCTF 135 HA area was subject to significant faulting and tectonic activity, resulting in the formation of the Capel Chalk Group, a series of chalk rocks that are characterized by their distinctive ‘tumbling’ texture.

Later, during the Paleocene and Eocene epochs, around 60-40 million years ago, the area was subjected to volcanic activity, resulting in the deposition of volcanic rocks, such as basalts and andesites.

During the Neogene period, around 23-2.6 million years ago, the NCTF 135 HA area experienced a series of uplifts and faulting events, including the formation of the Channel Grabens, a series of fault-controlled basins that now form part of the North Downs Fault System.

Scientific research and monitoring in this area has focused on understanding the geological history and evolution of the NCTF 135 HA region. This includes:

1. Geophysical surveys, such as seismic and gravity measurements, to map the underlying geology and identify potential fault structures.
2. The collection and analysis of borehole data to understand the subsurface stratigraphy and hydrogeology of the area.
3. The monitoring of ground deformation and earthquake activity in the region using a network of GPS receivers and seismometers.

A comprehensive review of existing literature and field data has provided insights into the geological history and evolution of the NCTF 135 HA region, including:

1. Understand the tectonic setting and faulting patterns in the area.
2. The characterization of the subsurface geology and hydrogeology of the region.
3. The identification of potential hazards, such as seismicity and ground deformation.

This research has significant implications for the management and conservation of this unique and sensitive landscape, including:

1. Land use planning and development to minimize the risk of natural hazards.
2. The protection and enhancement of wildlife habitats and biodiversity.
3. Education and public awareness of the geological history and hazards associated with the NCTF 135 HA region.

In summary, the Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey is complex and multifaceted, spanning over 200 million years. Ongoing scientific research and monitoring are crucial to understanding this geological history and its implications for land use planning, conservation, and public awareness.

Studies on Ecosystems and Biodiversity

The NCTF 135 HA area, situated near Capel in Surrey, England, has a rich geological history that spans millions of years. The region’s unique landscape has been shaped by various tectonic forces, glaciations, and erosion processes, resulting in a diverse array of ecosystems and biodiversity hotspots.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA area is part of the North Downs Fault Zone (NDFZ), a prominent fault system that runs parallel to the North Sea coast. The NDFZ is characterized by numerous faults, folds, and fractures that have played a significant role in shaping the region’s geology over millions of years.

• During the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), the area was subjected to intense tectonic activity, resulting in the formation of the North Downs Fault Zone. This led to the creation of a series of hills and valleys, including the South Downs and the North Downs.
• In the Neogene period (23-2.6 million years ago), the region experienced significant glacial erosion, with multiple glacial periods leaving behind a legacy of drumlins, ridges, and valleys.
• During the Quaternary period (2.6 million years ago to present), the area has been shaped by a combination of fluvial and lacustrine processes, resulting in the formation of rivers, lakes, and wetlands.

The NCTF 135 HA area is characterized by a range of habitats, including grassland, woodlands, and heathlands. The region’s diverse ecosystems support a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.

1. The area is home to several species of wildflowers, including primulas, buttercups, and daisies, as well as trees such as oak, ash, and hazel.
2. The region’s grasslands support a range of insects, including butterflies, bees, and ants, while the heathlands are home to unique species such as gorse, bellbarrow, and sundew.
3. Several species of mammals, including rabbits, hares, and foxes, can be found in the area, while birds such as skylarks, lapwings, and curlews make their homes in the region’s grasslands and wetlands.

The NCTF 135 HA area is an important site for biodiversity conservation. The region’s unique ecosystems support a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.

Several initiatives have been put in place to protect and conserve the natural habitats within the NCTF 135 HA area. These include:

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• The creation of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), which provide protection for sensitive habitats and species.
• The establishment of nature reserves, such as the Capel Nature Reserve and the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
• The implementation of sustainable land-use practices, including habitat management and ecological restoration.

Overall, the NCTF 135 HA area is a remarkable example of biodiversity hotspots and unique ecosystems. The region’s rich geological history has created a diverse range of habitats that support an incredible array of plant and animal species.

The NCTF 135 HA area supports a range of ecosystems, including heathlands and woodland. Scientists have conducted studies to understand the biodiversity and ecological health of these areas (University of Surrey, 2019). These findings inform conservation efforts and landuse planning in the region.

The Geological History of the NCTF 135 HA Area near Capel, Surrey, is a complex and dynamic story that spans millions of years.

During the Jurassic period, around 200 million years ago, this area was part of a shallow sea that covered much of what is now southern England. The sediments deposited during this time formed the foundations of the chalk aquifer that underlies the NCTF 135 HA Area today.

Over the next few tens of millions of years, the sea receded and the chalk was uplifted by tectonic forces. This process exposed the underlying limestone and sandstone rocks to erosion, which carved out the valleys and hills that characterize the landscape of the NCTF 135 HA Area today.

During the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago, the area was again submerged in a sea, this time as part of the Western Interior Seaway. The sediments deposited during this time were mostly composed of sand and silt, which formed the basis for the soils that support the heathlands and woodland ecosystems found in the NCTF 135 HA Area.

After the Cretaceous period, the area was subjected to a combination of erosion and deposition that shaped the landscape over millions of years. The chalk aquifer continued to be exploited by rivers and streams, which carved out channels and valleys that are still visible today.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA Area is characterized by a complex mix of rocks, including Chalk, Limestone, Sandstone, Siltstone, and Clay. These rocks provide a unique habitat for a wide range of plants and animals, from the rare and endangered species found in the heathlands to the diverse array of insects and microorganisms that live in the soil.

The soils on the NCTF 135 HA Area support a range of ecosystems, including heathlands, woodland, grassland, and scrub. These ecosystems are supported by a complex network of habitats, including:

• **Heathlands**: Characterized by low-growing vegetation such as gorse, heather, and bellflower, these areas provide habitat for a diverse array of plants and animals, from the rare heather-twitcher butterfly to the threatened woodlark.
• **Woodland**: Dominated by trees such as oak, ash, and birch, these areas support a wide range of plant and animal species, from the iconic red squirrel to the lesser spotted eagle owl.
• **Grasslands**: Characterized by grasses and wildflowers, these areas provide habitat for a diverse array of insects, small mammals, and birds, such as the rare yellow-tailed skimmer dragonfly.
• **Scrub**: Dominated by shrubs such as gorse and broom, these areas provide habitat for a range of plant and animal species, from the threatened sand lizard to the endangered nightjar.

Scientists have conducted studies to understand the biodiversity and ecological health of these ecosystems (University of Surrey, 2019). These findings inform conservation efforts and land-use planning in the region, ensuring that these unique and valuable ecosystems are protected for future generations.

Land-Use Planning and Policy

The NCTF 135 HA area, located near Capel, Surrey, has a rich geological history that spans millions of years, with various geological formations and land-use planning considerations playing a significant role in shaping the region’s landscape.

Geologically, the area is situated within the Chiltern Edge Syncline, a gently dipping syncline formed during the Carboniferous period, approximately 320-330 million years ago. The region has experienced significant tectonic activity and erosion over millions of years, resulting in a diverse range of geological formations.

The underlying geology of the NCTF 135 HA area consists primarily of Cretaceous age chalk deposits, which have been eroded to form a variety of landforms, including hills, valleys, and ridges. These chalk deposits are composed mainly of the white chalk of the Western Chalk Down Group, with some interbeds of sand and gravel.

Additionally, the area has a significant presence of Paleogene age clays, which have been deposited in a variety of environments, including estuaries, deltas, and coastal plains. These clays are often referred to as ‘London Clay’ and are known for their high water tables and potential for hydrocarbon deposits.

The landscape of the NCTF 135 HA area has been shaped by numerous geological processes, including weathering, erosion, and deposition. The chalk deposits have been extensively eroded by weathering and dissolution, resulting in a variety of landforms, such as karst features and chalk pavements.

The impact of human activity on the region’s geology is also significant, with various land-use planning strategies and policies aiming to balance development with conservation and environmental protection. The NCTF 135 HA area is designated for agricultural purposes, but it also includes areas of natural heritage, such as heathland and woodland.

Land-use planning in the NCTF 135 HA area is guided by a range of policies and strategies, including those related to agriculture, conservation, and environmental protection. The Surrey County Council’s Local Plan, for example, identifies the area as being of “importance” due to its natural heritage features.

The council’s plan also aims to balance development with the need to protect the region’s biodiversity and landscape character. Strategies such as habitat creation, soil conservation, and flood protection are also included in the plan to mitigate the impact of human activity on the environment.

Furthermore, the Surrey County Council has adopted a range of policies related to flood risk management, including the requirement for developers to implement measures to prevent flooding and protect local waterways. This includes the implementation of flood-resistant design standards and the creation of green infrastructure, such as wetlands and ponds.

The NCTF 135 HA area is also subject to a range of national policies, including those related to environmental protection and conservation. The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and the Environment Act 1995 provide guidance on issues such as biodiversity, landscape character, and flood risk management.

At a local level, the NCTF 135 HA area is managed through a range of partnership arrangements, including agreements between landowners, farmers, and conservation organizations. These partnerships aim to promote sustainable agriculture practices, conserve natural heritage features, and protect the region’s biodiversity.

Overall, the geological history and land-use planning considerations in the NCTF 135 HA area are complex and multifaceted, requiring a nuanced approach that balances development with environmental protection and conservation. Effective management of the region’s geology and landscape will be critical in ensuring the long-term sustainability of this important area.

Local Authority Policies and Regulations

The NCTF 135 HA area, located near Capel, Surrey, has a complex geological history that spans over 300 million years.

The earliest recorded geological activity in the area dates back to the Carboniferous period, approximately 320 million years ago, when the area was part of a shallow sea.

During this time, extensive coal deposits were formed as a result of the accumulation of plant remains from swamp forests and mangrove swamps.

In the Permian period, around 280 million years ago, the sea receded and the area became a terrestrial environment.

The Triassic period saw significant tectonic activity in the region, with faulting and uplift causing the formation of hills and valleys that would eventually become the Capel Valley.

During the Jurassic period, approximately 200 million years ago, the area was part of a larger landmass, known as the Supercontinent Pangaea.

The Cretaceous period saw the formation of the Weald-Artois Basin, a large sedimentary basin that stretched from the English Channel to the Pyrenees Mountains.

The area was prone to heavy rainfall and flooding during this time, resulting in the deposition of extensive clay deposits.

During the Tertiary period, around 60 million years ago, the area underwent significant tectonic activity, with the formation of faults and fissures that would eventually lead to the creation of the present-day landscape.

The Quaternary period saw the deposition of glacial deposits, including sand and gravel, as a result of ice sheet movement during the last ice age.

Today, the NCTF 135 HA area is characterized by rolling hills, valleys, and streams, with underlying geology consisting of sandstone, shale, and clay.

The local authority policies and regulations in the area are governed by the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and the Surrey Local Plan.

The NPPF emphasizes the need for sustainable development that balances economic growth with environmental protection and social well-being.

The Surrey Local Plan prioritizes the preservation of green spaces, flood risk management, and infrastructure development.

Planning permission is typically required for any development in the area, and must meet certain criteria including environmental impact assessments, flood risk assessments, and community engagement.

The local authority also has a duty to consider the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) designation of the Weald, which affects land use planning decisions in the area.

Additionally, there are several Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) designations within the NCTF 135 HA area, including the Surrey Hills AONB and the Weald Water Nature Reserve.

The regulations governing development in the area also include those related to groundwater protection, noise pollution, and light pollution.

The local authority works closely with environmental agencies, such as Natural England and the Environment Agency, to ensure that planning decisions align with national policies and regulations.

Overall, the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area is complex and multifaceted, reflecting the region’s rich tectonic and climatic heritage.

The local authority policies and regulations in the area are designed to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social well-being, ensuring that development is sustainable and responsible.

The NCTF 135 HA area is covered by local authority policies aimed at balancing development with environmental protection. The Surrey Local Plan (Surrey County Council, 2020) outlines strategies for managing the natural resources in this region while supporting economic growth.

The geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, is complex and dates back to the Jurassic period, over 150 million years ago.

During this time, the area was covered by a shallow sea, known as the Dorset Shelf, which deposited layers of sandstone, clay, and shale. These sedimentary rocks would eventually form the foundation of the region’s geology.

In the Early Cretaceous period, around 145 million years ago, the sea receded and was replaced by a series of rivers and valleys that carved out the landscape. The sandstones and clays from this era were uplifted to form hills and ridges, creating the foundation for the local topography.

During the Cenomanian age, around 100 million years ago, the area experienced significant volcanic activity, resulting in the formation of volcanic rocks such as basalt and andesite. These rocks would later become exposed through erosion and are now visible in the area’s hills and ridges.

The Eocene epoch, around 50 million years ago, saw the deposition of fluvial sediments in the form of sandstones, gravel, and conglomerates. The River Wey, which flows through the region, played a key role in shaping the local landscape during this time period.

In the Miocene epoch, around 20-10 million years ago, the area experienced a series of tectonic events that uplifted the region and formed the Surrey Basin. This basin was a major sedimentary basin that deposited layers of sandstone, shale, and mudstone.

More recent geological activity, including glacial erosion during the Pleistocene epoch, has shaped the local landscape and created the area’s current topography.

The geology of the NCTF 135 HA area is characterized by a range of sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, clays, shales, and mudstones. These rocks are often fragmented and faulted, reflecting the region’s complex tectonic history.

The Surrey Local Plan (2020) recognizes the importance of protecting the local geological heritage and identifies key sites for conservation and management. The plan outlines strategies for balancing development with environmental protection, ensuring that any future development is sustainable and does not harm the area’s natural resources.

Key conservation areas within the NCTF 135 HA area include the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and several Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). These designations reflect the region’s unique geological features and its importance for biodiversity.

The Surrey Local Plan also recognizes the need for sustainable land use management, including agricultural development, woodland creation, and habitat restoration. This approach will help to maintain the area’s ecological integrity while supporting economic growth and development.

Overall, the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area near Capel, Surrey, is characterized by a complex sequence of tectonic events, volcanic activity, and sedimentation. The region’s unique geology provides a rich landscape for conservation and management, while supporting economic growth and development.

Community Engagement and Education

The NCTF 135 HA area, located near Capel, Surrey, has a rich geological history that spans millions of years.

• During the Jurassic period, around 200 million years ago, the area was part of a shallow sea known as the Inferior Oceans. Sedimentary rocks from this era, including sandstones and shales, can still be found in the vicinity.
• The Mesozoic era, which lasted until the end of the Cretaceous period around 65 million years ago, saw the formation of the chalk cliffs that dominate the landscape today. These chalk formations are composed of the calcium carbonate remains of microscopic marine organisms.

In more recent geological history, the area was shaped by a combination of tectonic activity and erosion.

• During the Tertiary period, around 65-25 million years ago, the region underwent significant volcanic activity. Volcanic rocks and lava flows, which are visible in the area today, provide evidence of this activity.
• The Quaternary glaciation, which occurred between approximately 2.5 million and 11,700 years ago, had a significant impact on the local geology. Glacial deposits, such as till and drumlins, can still be seen in the area, bearing witness to the last ice age.
• The Holocene epoch, which began around 11,700 years ago, has been marked by periods of rising sea levels and coastal erosion. The NCTF 135 HA area is now situated near a coastline that was once more inland.

Community engagement and education are crucial aspects of the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area.

• The area has become an important site for geological research, with many local universities and institutions conducting studies on its geology.
• Visitors to the area can engage with geologists and researchers through guided tours and events, gaining hands-on experience with rock formations and fossils.
• Local schools and community groups also benefit from educational programs and workshops, promoting awareness of the area’s geological significance and encouraging a new generation of scientists and enthusiasts.

Efforts are being made to protect and preserve the geological heritage of the NCTF 135 HA area for future generations.

• Conservation measures, such as habitat restoration and species protection, help safeguard the delicate balance of the local ecosystem.
• Collaborative efforts between local authorities, community groups, and researchers ensure that any developments or changes to the area are carefully considered and managed.
• The preservation of geodiversity is also essential for maintaining biodiversity in the area, as different habitats support a range of plant and animal species.

By working together to understand, protect, and educate about the geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area, we can ensure that this unique and fascinating region remains an important resource for local communities and beyond.

Public Awareness of Site Importance

The NCTF 135 HA area, located near Capel, Surrey, is a region of significant geological importance that has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, erosion, and deposition.

Geologically, the area falls within the London Basin, a vast sedimentary basin that covers an area of approximately 9,000 square kilometers. The London Basin was formed during the Paleogene period, around 60 million years ago, as a result of tectonic uplift and subsidence in the North Sea.

The NCTF 135 HA area itself is situated within the Chertsey Sandstone Group, a geological formation that dates back to the Cretaceous period, around 145 million years ago. This group consists of sandstones, conglomerates, and grits that were deposited in a fluvial environment.

During the Eocene epoch, around 50 million years ago, the area was subjected to significant tectonic activity, resulting in the formation of faults and fractures that now define the geological landscape. The NCTF 135 HA site lies near the intersection of two major faults: the Chertsey Fault and the Caterham Fault.

The geology of the area is characterized by a complex sequence of sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, siltstones, and clays. These rocks have been subjected to multiple periods of erosion, transportation, and deposition, resulting in a range of landforms and geological features.

One of the most striking features of the NCTF 135 HA area is its exposure of flint, which is a common component of the Chertsey Sandstone Group. Flint is a hard, white, sedimentary rock that was formed from the fossilized remains of ancient marine organisms.

The site also contains numerous glacial features, including erratics and drumlins, which provide valuable information about the Last Ice Age. The last ice age ended around 11,700 years ago, leaving behind a legacy of landforms that are still visible today.

In addition to its geological importance, the NCTF 135 HA area is also home to a variety of flora and fauna. The site supports a range of plant species, including grasses, wildflowers, and trees, as well as a variety of animal habitats, including wetlands and wildlife corridors.

The area has also been identified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) due to its geological and biological significance. This designation recognizes the importance of the site for scientific research and conservation.

• The NCTF 135 HA area is home to a range of geological formations, including the Chertsey Sandstone Group and the London Clay Formation.
• The site contains numerous fault lines and fractures that have shaped the geological landscape over millions of years.
• The area has been subjected to multiple periods of erosion, transportation, and deposition, resulting in a range of landforms and geological features.
• The NCTF 135 HA area is home to a variety of fossilized plants and animals, including flint nodules and glacial erratics.

In terms of public awareness of site importance, there are several initiatives underway to raise awareness about the significance of the NCTF 135 HA area. These include:

Conservation Efforts:

1. The National Trust for Scotland works closely with local partners to protect and conserve the site’s natural and cultural heritage.
2. The Surrey County Council’s Countryside Service provides guidance and support to landowners and users on how to manage the site in a sustainable way.

Education and Research:

1. The University of Surrey conducts research on the geological and biological significance of the NCTF 135 HA area, including studies on the local flora and fauna.
2. The Royal Geographical Society offers educational resources and workshops to raise awareness about the site’s importance.

Community Engagement:

1. The Surrey Wildlife Trust organizes community events and activities to promote public awareness of the site’s biodiversity and conservation status.
2. The local community group, Friends of Capel, works with landowners and users to protect and conserve the site’s natural heritage.

By promoting public awareness of the NCTF 135 HA area’s importance, we can work together to protect and conserve this unique and fascinating region for future generations.

Local communities can play an essential role in protecting the NCTF 135 HA area through education and awarenessraising efforts. Raising public awareness about the site’s importance and value helps to ensure its conservation for future generations (Defra, 2019).

The NCTF 135 HA area located near Capel, Surrey, holds a unique significance in terms of its geological history, which is closely tied to the regional tectonic setting and the evolution of the surrounding landscape.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA area is situated within the North Downs Fault Zone (NDFZ), a major fault system that has played a crucial role in shaping the southern part of England over millions of years. The NDFZ stretches for approximately 180 km and runs from Faversham in Kent to Winchester in Hampshire, with the NCTF 135 HA area falling within its western sector.

The NDFZ is thought to have formed as a result of a combination of tectonic forces, including extensional tectonics, during the Neoproterozoic era, approximately 800-900 million years ago. This period saw the rifting and breakup of supercontinents, resulting in the formation of several smaller landmasses, which eventually collided to form the British Isles.

During this time, the NDFZ underwent a series of complex geological events, including faulting, folding, and volcanic activity, which led to the creation of the distinctive North Downs landscape. The area’s unique geology is characterized by a combination of chalky sediments, including claypans, flint-rich chalk, and sandstone outcrops, which are underpinned by a basement of Paleozoic rocks.

The NCTF 135 HA area itself is primarily composed of chalky sediments deposited during the Cretaceous period, approximately 100-65 million years ago. These deposits were formed in a shallow sea that covered much of southern England at the time, and have since been eroded into their present-day form.

The geological history of the NCTF 135 HA area is closely tied to the evolution of the surrounding landscape, which has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity. The area’s geology provides a wealth of information about the region’s past, including evidence of ancient rivers, lakes, and coastal deposits.

Local communities can play an essential role in protecting the NCTF 135 HA area through education and awareness-raising efforts. Raising public awareness about the site’s importance and value helps to ensure its conservation for future generations. By promoting a greater understanding of the area’s unique geology and natural heritage, local communities can work to protect this valuable resource from human impact.

Furthermore, local community engagement can be crucial in ensuring the long-term protection of the NCTF 135 HA area. This can involve working with local authorities, conservation organizations, and other stakeholders to develop effective management plans and strategies for conserving the site’s natural heritage.

In addition, local communities can also play a key role in promoting sustainable land use practices within and around the NCTF 135 HA area. By encouraging responsible agriculture, forestry, and other land-use activities, local communities can help to minimize the impact of human activity on this fragile ecosystem.

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